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Devoxx Belgium 2024 - Test Automation with Selenium 5 and Java
What is Selenium?
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Devoxx Belgium 2024 - Test Automation with Selenium 5 and Java
What is Selenium?
(for software people)
What is Selenium?
•Selenium WebDriver is the heart of the Selenium project and it is
often known as simply Selenium
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Devoxx Belgium 2024 - Test Automation with Selenium 5 and Java
Selenium is a browser automation
library
- Selenium is NOT a testing framework
- Selenium is NOT a testing library
What’s the difference
between library and
framework?
Is it possible to do
“testing” with
Selenium?
What is NOT Selenium?
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Devoxx Belgium 2024 - Test Automation with Selenium 5 and Java
•A library is a collection of code
that developers can call using an
API to solve a given problem
•A framework is collection of libraries,
tools, and best practices that provides
a structure for developing software
Library vs. Framework
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Devoxx Belgium 2024 - Test Automation with Selenium 5 and Java
•Navigate to URLs
•Locating web elements (DOM)
•Impersonate user actions (keyboard, mouse)
•Execute JavaScript
•Make screenshots
•Manage browser size, position, history, …
•Manage browser APIs like web storage, user media, …
•…
What can I do with Selenium?
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Devoxx Belgium 2024 - Test Automation with Selenium 5 and Java
https://github.com/bonigarcia/selenium-webdriver-java
What can I do with Selenium?
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Devoxx Belgium 2024 - Test Automation with Selenium 5 and Java
// Create object to drive Chrome
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
// Navigate to a website (e.g., Wikipedia)
driver.get("https://en.wikipedia.org/");
// Type "software testing" in the search box
WebElement searchBox = driver.findElement(By.name("search"));
searchBox.sendKeys("software testing");
// Click on search button
WebElement searchButton = driver
.findElement(By.className("cdx-search-input__end-button"));
searchButton.click();
// Close browser
driver.quit();
Selenium History
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Devoxx Belgium 2024 - Test Automation with Selenium 5 and Java
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
Selenium
Core
WebDriver
Selenium
WebDriver
(Selenium 2)
Selenium
RC
Selenium 3 Selenium 4
W3C WebDriver
W3C BiDi
Testing with Selenium
•In addition to the Selenium library, to create Selenium tests, we
typically use a unit testing framework
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Devoxx Belgium 2024 - Test Automation with Selenium 5 and Java
Test
Setup
Verify
Teardown
Test verdict
initialize
interact
get outcome
Exercise System Under
Test (SUT)
assert
finalize
Testing with Selenium –Build Tool
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Devoxx Belgium 2024 - Test Automation with Selenium 5 and Java
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId>
<artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId>
<version>4.25.0</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId>
<artifactId>junit-jupiter</artifactId>
<version>5.11.1</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.assertj</groupId>
<artifactId>assertj-core</artifactId>
<version>3.26.3</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependencies>
dependencies {
testImplementation("org.seleniumhq.selenium:selenium-java:4.25.0")
testImplementation("org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter:5.11.1")
testImplementation("org.assertj:assertj-core:3.26.3")
}
Testing with Selenium –Browsers
•We need one or more browsers to be driven with Selenium
1. Local browser
2. Remote browser
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Devoxx Belgium 2024 - Test Automation with Selenium 5 and Java
WebDriver chrome = new ChromeDriver();
WebDriver firefox = new FirefoxDriver();
WebDriver edge = new EdgeDriver();
WebDriver safari = new SafariDriver();
ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
WebDriver driver = new RemoteWebDriver(
new URL("http://server:4444/"), options);
Testing with Selenium –Browsers
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Devoxx Belgium 2024 - Test Automation with Selenium 5 and Java
Browser
Driver
chromedriver
geckodriver
W3C
WebDriver Native
communication
msedgedriver
Web app
under test
Selenium test
HTTP(s)
safaridriver
Selenium users must manage (download,
setup, and maintain) these drivers
(JSON over
HTTP)
class ChromeManualTest {
WebDriver driver;
@BeforeAll
static void setupClass() {
System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "/path/to/chromedriver");
}
@BeforeEach
void setup() {
driver = new ChromeDriver();
}
@Test
void test() {
driver.get("https://bonigarcia.dev/selenium-webdriver-java/");
String title = driver.getTitle();
assertThat(title).contains("Selenium WebDriver");
}
@AfterEach
void teardown() {
driver.quit();
}
}
https://github.com/bonigarcia/selenium-examples
Testing with Selenium –Hello World (Selenium 3)
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Devoxx Belgium 2024 - Test Automation with Selenium 5 and Java
Driver Management
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Devoxx Belgium 2024 - Test Automation with Selenium 5 and Java
•Modern web browsers are evergreen
chromedriver
126.0.6478.182
Chrome 126
…
chromedriver
126.0.6478.182
Chrome 127
…chromedriver
126.0.6478.182
Chrome 128
this version of chromedriver only supports
Chrome version 126
class ChromeWdmTest {
WebDriver driver;
@BeforeAll
static void setupClass() {
WebDriverManager.chromedriver().setup();
}
@BeforeEach
void setup() {
driver = new ChromeDriver();
}
@Test
void test() {
driver.get("https://bonigarcia.dev/selenium-webdriver-java/");
String title = driver.getTitle();
assertThat(title).contains("Selenium WebDriver");
}
@AfterEach
void teardown() {
driver.quit();
}
}
Testing with Selenium –Hello World (Selenium 4)
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Devoxx Belgium 2024 - Test Automation with Selenium 5 and Java
•I joined the Selenium project as a committer in August 2022
−It is a CLI (Command-Line Interface) tool
−It has been developed in Rust
−It is shipped in each Selenium release
Selenium Manager (beta)
Selenium Manager
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Devoxx Belgium 2024 - Test Automation with Selenium 5 and Java
•Selenium Manager automatically discovers, downloads, and
caches the drivers required by Selenium
Selenium Manager –Automated Driver Management
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Devoxx Belgium 2024 - Test Automation with Selenium 5 and Java
Chrome 128
chromedriver
128.0.6613.137
~/.cache/selenium
1. Browser version discovery
2. Driver version discovery
3. Driver download and cache
class ChromeBasicTest {
WebDriver driver;
@BeforeEach
void setup() {
driver = new ChromeDriver();
}
@Test
void test() {
driver.get("https://bonigarcia.dev/selenium-webdriver-java/");
String title = driver.getTitle();
assertThat(title).contains("Selenium WebDriver");
}
@AfterEach
void teardown() {
driver.quit();
}
}
Selenium Manager –Hello World (Selenium 5)
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Devoxx Belgium 2024 - Test Automation with Selenium 5 and Java
•Selenium Manager automatically discovers, downloads, and
caches the browsers driven with Selenium when these
browsers are not installed in the local system
Selenium Manager –Automated Browser Management
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Devoxx Belgium 2024 - Test Automation with Selenium 5 and Java
*
*Requires admin permissions
Selenium Manager –Automated Browser Management
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Devoxx Belgium 2024 - Test Automation with Selenium 5 and Java
class FirefoxBasicTest {
WebDriver driver;
@BeforeEach
void setup() {
driver = new FirefoxDriver();
}
@Test
void test() {
driver.get("https://bonigarcia.dev/selenium-webdriver-java/");
String title = driver.getTitle();
assertThat(title).contains("Selenium WebDriver");
}
@AfterEach
void teardown() {
driver.quit();
}
}
If Firefox is not
available, Selenium
Manager will manage it
Selenium Manager –Automated Browser Management
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Devoxx Belgium 2024 - Test Automation with Selenium 5 and Java
class ChromeVersionTest {
WebDriver driver;
@BeforeEach
void setup() {
ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
options.setBrowserVersion("beta");
driver = new ChromeDriver(options);
}
@Test
void test() {
driver.get("https://bonigarcia.dev/selenium-webdriver-java/");
String title = driver.getTitle();
assertThat(title).contains("Selenium WebDriver");
}
@AfterEach
void teardown() {
driver.quit();
}
}
Specific browser versions
(including "beta", "dev",
or "nightly") are
supported
•Another uses of Selenium Manager include:
−Advanced configuration (with envs or global configuration file)
−As a standalone CLI tool
https://www.selenium.dev/documentation/selenium_manager/
Selenium Manager –Other Uses
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Devoxx Belgium 2024 - Test Automation with Selenium 5 and Java
Selenium Manager (beta)
•Is Selenium Manager a replacement for WebDriverManager?
−For the use case of automated driver management, yes
•WebDriverManager and Selenium Manager have different
features
−Automated browser management is different in each project
−WebDriverManager provides other additional features
•Self-managed browsers in Docker containers
•Monitoring features
•Video recording
Selenium Manager & WebDriverManager
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Devoxx Belgium 2024 - Test Automation with Selenium 5 and Java
https://bonigarcia.dev/webdrivermanager/#webdrivermanager-and-selenium-manager
WebDriverManager Browser Management
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Devoxx Belgium 2024 - Test Automation with Selenium 5 and Java
class DockerChromeTest {
WebDriver driver;
WebDriverManager wdm;
@BeforeEach
void setupTest() {
wdm = WebDriverManager.chromedriver().browserInDocker();
driver = wdm.create();
}
@Test
void test() {
driver.get("https://bonigarcia.dev/selenium-webdriver-java/");
assertThat(driver.getTitle()).contains("Selenium WebDriver");
}
@AfterEach
void teardown() {
wdm.quit();
}
}
WebDriverManager Browser Management
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Devoxx Belgium 2024 - Test Automation with Selenium 5 and Java
class DockerChromeRecordingTest {
WebDriver driver;
WebDriverManager wdm;
@BeforeEach
void setupTest() {
wdm = WebDriverManager.chromedriver().browserInDocker().enableRecording();
driver = wdm.create();
}
@Test
void test() {
driver.get("https://bonigarcia.dev/selenium-webdriver-java/");
assertThat(driver.getTitle()).contains("Selenium WebDriver");
}
@AfterEach
void teardown() {
wdm.quit();
}
}
•Chrome DevTools is a set of web developer tools built into Chromium-
based browser (e.g., Chrome and Edge)
Chrome DevTools
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Devoxx Belgium 2024 - Test Automation with Selenium 5 and Java
Inspect DOM, console,
network, sources,
performance, memory,
or security
•The Chrome DevTools Protocol (CDP) is a set of APIs that allows us to
instrument, inspect, debug, and profile Chromium-based browsers
−CDP is great for browser automation
Chrome DevTools Protocol
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Devoxx Belgium 2024 - Test Automation with Selenium 5 and Java
Browser
Web app
under test
CDP HTTP(S)
Script using the
Puppeteer API
Puppeteer (a Node.js browser
automation library created by
Google) is based on CDP
•Selenium supports CDP since version 4 to provide features not
available in the W3C WebDriver, such as
−Network interception and monitoring
−Device emulation
−Performance metrics collection
−Entire page screenshot
−Security and authentication
− …
Chrome DevTools Protocol and Selenium
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Devoxx Belgium 2024 - Test Automation with Selenium 5 and Java
https://github.com/bonigarcia/selenium-webdriver-java
See test examples
using CDP and
Selenium here
•W3C WebDriver is evolving to a new specification called W3C
BiDi (BiDirectional)
−Its goal is to combine the best of WebDriver and CDP
Browser
(JSON over
WebSocket)
W3C Bidi
BrowserDriver
W3C WebDriver
(JSON over HTTP)
WebDriver
Classic
WebDriver
BiDi
https://w3c.github.io/webdriver-bidi/
WebDriver BiDi
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Devoxx Belgium 2024 - Test Automation with Selenium 5 and Java
•WebDriver BiDi features:
−Bidirectional communication using a WebSocket (like CDP)
−Event-driven architecture (e.g., for log gathering)
−Support for modern web features (e.g., network interception)
•WebDriver BiDi modules:
−Browsing context
−Actions
−Scripting
−Logging
−Network
https://www.selenium.dev/documentation/webdriver/bidi/w3c/
WebDriver BiDi
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Devoxx Belgium 2024 - Test Automation with Selenium 5 and Java
@BeforeEach
void setup() {
ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
options.enableBiDi();
driver = new ChromeDriver(options);
}
•Some of the WebDriver BiDi features are already available in
the latest versions of Selenium 4
@BeforeEach
void setup() {
FirefoxOptions options = new FirefoxOptions();
options.enableBiDi();
driver = new FirefoxDriver(options);
}
@BeforeEach
void setup() {
EdgeOptions options = new EdgeOptions();
options.enableBiDi();
driver = new EdgeDriver(options);
}
To use WebDriver BiDi in
Selenium, first we need to
enable it using browser options
WebDriver BiDi
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Devoxx Belgium 2024 - Test Automation with Selenium 5 and Java
@Test
void test() {
List<GenericLogEntry> logs = new ArrayList<>();
try (LogInspector logInspector = new LogInspector(driver)) {
logInspector.onGenericLog(logs::add);
logInspector.onConsoleEntry(logs::add);
logInspector.onJavaScriptException(logs::add);
}
driver.get(
"https://bonigarcia.dev/selenium-webdriver-java/console-logs.html");
new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(5))
.until(_d -> logs.size() > 3);
for (GenericLogEntry log :logs) {
System.out.println(log.getText());
}
}
WebDriver BiDi
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Devoxx Belgium 2024 - Test Automation with Selenium 5 and Java
https://github.com/bonigarcia/selenium-examples
